MAGNABEND - MFUNDO ZOYENERA KUPANGA ZOYENERA
Basic Magnet Design
Makina a Magnabend adapangidwa ngati maginito amphamvu a DC okhala ndi ntchito zochepa.
Makinawa ali ndi magawo atatu: -
Thupi la maginito lomwe limapanga maziko a makinawo ndipo lili ndi coil yamagetsi yamagetsi.
Chotchinga chotchinga chomwe chimapereka njira yolumikizira maginito pakati pa mitengo ya maginito, ndikumangirira chogwirira ntchito cha sheetmetal.
Mtengo wopindika womwe umapindika kutsogolo kwa thupi la maginito ndipo umapereka njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopindika pa chogwiriracho.
Masinthidwe a Magnet-Thupi
Zosiyanasiyana masanjidwe n'zotheka kwa maginito thupi.
Nawa 2 omwe onse agwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a Magnabend:
Mizere yofiyira yodukidwa pazithunzi pamwambapa ikuyimira njira za maginito.Zindikirani kuti mapangidwe a "U-Type" ali ndi njira imodzi yosinthira (mitengo imodzi) pomwe mapangidwe a "E-Type" ali ndi njira ziwiri zotuluka (mapawiri awiri amitengo).
Kufananitsa kwa Magnet Configuration:
Kukonzekera kwamtundu wa E ndi kothandiza kwambiri kuposa makonzedwe amtundu wa U.
Kuti mumvetse chifukwa chake izi zili choncho ganizirani zojambula ziwirizi.
Kumanzere ndi gawo limodzi la maginito amtundu wa U ndipo kumanja kuli maginito amtundu wa E omwe adapangidwa pophatikiza 2 yamitundu yofanana ya U.Ngati kasinthidwe ka maginito kulikonse kumayendetsedwa ndi koyilo yokhala ndi ma ampere-kutembenuka komweko ndiye kuti maginito owirikiza kawiri (mtundu wa E) amakhala ndi mphamvu yopondera yowirikiza kawiri.Imagwiritsanso ntchito chitsulo chowirikiza kawiri koma sichikhalanso ndi waya wa koyilo!(Kungotengera kapangidwe ka koyilo yayitali).
(Kuchepa kwa waya wowonjezera kudzafunika kokha chifukwa miyendo iwiri ya koyiloyo ili yotalikirana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka "E", koma chowonjezerachi chimakhala chopanda tanthauzo pamapangidwe aatali a coil monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pa Magnabend).
Super Magnabend:
Kuti mupange maginito amphamvu kwambiri, lingaliro la "E" litha kukulitsidwa motere:
3-D Model:
Pansipa pali chojambula cha 3-D chowonetsa makonzedwe oyambira a magawo mu maginito amtundu wa U:
Pamapangidwe awa mitengo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo ndi zidutswa zosiyana ndipo zimangiriridwa ndi mabawuti ku Core piece.
Ngakhale kwenikweni, zikanakhala zotheka makina U-mtundu maginito thupi ku chidutswa chimodzi cha chitsulo, izo ndiye sizingatheke kukhazikitsa koyilo ndipo motero koyilo ayenera bala mu situ (pa machined maginito thupi). ).
Muzochitika zopanga ndizofunika kwambiri kuti muzitha kuwongolera ma coils padera (pakale yapadera).Chifukwa chake mapangidwe amtundu wa U amalamulira bwino zomanga zongopeka.
Kumbali ina mawonekedwe amtundu wa E amabwereketsa bwino ku thupi la maginito lopangidwa kuchokera kuchitsulo chimodzi chifukwa koyilo yopangidwa kale imatha kukhazikitsidwa mosavuta thupi la maginito litapangidwa.Thupi la maginito lachigawo chimodzi limagwiranso ntchito bwino kwambiri chifukwa lilibe mipata yomanga yomwe ingachepetse kusinthasintha kwa maginito (ndipo mphamvu yothina) pang'ono.
(Ma Magnabends ambiri opangidwa pambuyo pa 1990 adagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe amtundu wa E).
Kusankha Zinthu Zomangamanga Maginito
Thupi la maginito ndi clampbar ziyenera kupangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu za ferromagnetic (magnetisable).Chitsulo ndiye chinthu chotsika mtengo kwambiri cha ferromagnetic ndipo ndiye chisankho chodziwikiratu.Komabe, pali mitundu ingapo yazitsulo zapadera zomwe zitha kuganiziridwa.
1) Silicon Steel : Chitsulo chachikulu cha resistivity chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapezeka muzitsulo zopyapyala ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu AC transformers, AC magnets, relays etc. katundu wake safunikira Magnabend omwe ndi maginito a DC.
2) Chitsulo Chofewa: Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa maginito otsalira otsika omwe angakhale abwino kwa makina a Magnabend koma ndi ofewa mwakuthupi zomwe zingatanthauze kuti akhoza kutsekedwa mosavuta ndikuwonongeka;ndi bwino kuthetsa vuto la maginito otsalira mwanjira ina.
3) Chitsulo Choponyera : Osati chopangidwa ndi maginito mosavuta ngati chitsulo chogubuduzika koma chimatha kuganiziridwa.
4) Mtundu wa Zitsulo Zosapanga dzimbiri 416 : Sizingakhale ndi maginito mwamphamvu ngati chitsulo ndipo ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri (koma zitha kukhala zothandiza pachitetezo chocheperako choteteza pamwamba pa maginito).
5) Chitsulo Chosapanga dzimbiri 316 : Ichi ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chachitsulo ndipo sichiyenera konse (kupatulapo 4 pamwambapa).
6) Medium Carbon Steel, lembani K1045: Zinthuzi ndizoyenera kupanga maginito, (ndi mbali zina zamakina).Ndizovuta kwambiri pazomwe zimaperekedwa monga momwe zimaperekedwa komanso zimayendetsa bwino makina.
7) Sitima yapakatikati ya Carbon Steel CS1020 : Chitsulo ichi sichiri cholimba monga K1045 koma chimapezeka mosavuta ndipo motero chikhoza kukhala chothandiza kwambiri pomanga makina a Magnabend.
Dziwani kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndizo:
High machulukitsidwe maginito.(Zosakaniza zachitsulo zambiri zimadzaza pafupifupi 2 Tesla),
Kupezeka kwa magawo ofunikira,
Kukana kuwonongeka kosayembekezereka,
Machinability, ndi
Mtengo wokwanira.
Chitsulo chapakati cha carbon chimakwanira bwino zonsezi.Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon chikhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito koma sichigonjetsedwa ndi zowonongeka mwangozi.Palinso ma aloyi ena apadera, monga supermendur, omwe ali ndi maginito apamwamba kwambiri koma sakuyenera kuganiziridwa chifukwa cha mtengo wake wokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chitsulo.
Chitsulo chapakati cha carbon chimasonyezanso maginito otsalira omwe ndi okwanira kusokoneza.(Onani gawo la Residual Magnetism).
The Coil
Koyiloyo ndi yomwe imayendetsa magnetising flux kudzera pa electromagnet.Mphamvu yake ya maginito imangokhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matembenuzidwe (N) ndi ma koyilo apano (I).Choncho:
N = chiwerengero cha matembenuzidwe
I = panopa mu ma windings.
Maonekedwe a "N" mu chilinganizo pamwamba kumabweretsa maganizo olakwika wamba.
Ambiri amaganiza kuti kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa matembenuzidwe kumawonjezera mphamvu ya maginito koma nthawi zambiri izi sizichitika chifukwa kutembenuka kowonjezera kumachepetsanso zamakono, I.
Ganizirani za koyilo yoperekedwa ndi magetsi okhazikika a DC.Ngati chiwerengero cha kutembenuka chikuwonjezeka kawiri ndiye kuti kukana kwa ma windings kudzakhalanso kawiri (mu coil yaitali) ndipo motero panopa kudzakhala ndi theka.Zotsatira zake sizikuwonjezeka mu NI.
Chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti NI ndi kukana kulikonse.Chifukwa chake kuti muwonjezere NI makulidwe a waya akuyenera kuonjezedwa.Phindu la matembenuzidwe owonjezera ndikuti amachepetsa pano ndipo chifukwa chake kutha kwa mphamvu mu koyilo.
Wopangayo ayenera kukumbukira kuti chingwe choyezera waya ndichomwe chimatsimikizira mphamvu ya maginito ya koyiloyo.Ichi ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga koyilo.
Chogulitsa cha NI nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "kutembenuka kwa ampere" kwa koyilo.
Kodi Matembenuzidwe Amtundu Wa Ampere Angati Akufunika?
Chitsulo chikuwonetsa maginito ochulukira pafupifupi 2 Tesla ndipo izi zimayika malire a kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yopondereza yomwe ingapezeke.
Kuchokera pa graph yomwe ili pamwambayi tikuwona kuti mphamvu yamunda yofunikira kuti mutenge mphamvu ya 2 Tesla ndi pafupifupi 20,000 ampere-turns pa mita.
Tsopano, pamapangidwe wamba a Magnabend, kutalika kwa njira yachitsulo muzitsulo kumakhala pafupifupi 1/5th ya mita ndipo chifukwa chake kudzafunika (20,000/5) AT kuti apange machulukitsidwe, omwe ali pafupifupi 4,000 AT.
Zingakhale zabwino kukhala ndi matembenuzidwe ambiri a ampere kuposa awa kuti maginito a maginito athe kusamalidwa ngakhale mipata yopanda maginito (ie zopangira zopanda chitsulo) zilowetsedwa mu dera la maginito.Komabe matembenuzidwe owonjezera a ampere atha kupezedwa pamtengo wokwanira pakutaya mphamvu kapena mtengo wa waya wamkuwa, kapena zonse ziwiri.Choncho, kulolerana kumafunika.
Mapangidwe amtundu wa Magnabend amakhala ndi koyilo yomwe imapanga 3,800 ampere motembenuka.
Dziwani kuti chiwerengerochi sichidalira kutalika kwa makina.Ngati makina a maginito omwewo agwiritsidwa ntchito pautali wa makina ambiri ndiye kuti makina aatali azikhala ndi mawaya ochepa kwambiri.Adzajambula zambiri zamakono koma adzakhala ndi chinthu chofanana cha ma amps x kutembenuka ndipo adzakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana yochepetsera (ndi mphamvu yomweyo yowonongeka) pa unit kutalika.
Ntchito Cycle
Lingaliro la kuzungulira kwa ntchito ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamapangidwe a electromagnet.Ngati kapangidwe kameneka kamapereka ntchito yochulukirapo kuposa momwe ikufunika ndiye kuti si yabwino.Kuchuluka kwa ntchito kumatanthawuza kuti padzafunika waya wochuluka (ndipo mtengo wake ukukwera) ndipo/kapena padzakhala kuchepa mphamvu yothina.
Zindikirani: Maginito oyendetsa ntchito yapamwamba amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zotaya mphamvu zomwe zikutanthauza kuti idzagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa motero idzakhala yotsika mtengo.Komabe, chifukwa maginito amakhala WOYATSA kwakanthawi kochepa ndiye kuti mtengo wamagetsi ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zambiri umawoneka ngati wopanda tanthauzo.Motero njira yopangira mapangidwe ndiyo kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zowonongeka monga momwe mungathere kuti musatenthedwe ndi mafunde a koyilo.(Njira iyi ndiyofala pamapangidwe ambiri a electromagnet).
Magnabend adapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito mwadzina pafupifupi 25%.
Nthawi zambiri zimangotenga 2 kapena 3 masekondi kuti mupendeke.Maginito adzazimitsidwa kwa masekondi 8 mpaka 10 pomwe chogwiriracho chimayikidwanso ndikuyanjanitsidwa kukonzekera kupindika kwina.Ngati 25% ntchito yozungulira ipitilira ndiye kuti pamapeto pake maginito adzatentha kwambiri ndipo kuchuluka kwamafuta kumayenda.Maginito sawonongeka koma amayenera kuloledwa kuti azizire kwa mphindi pafupifupi 30 asanagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
Zochitika zogwirira ntchito ndi makina omwe ali m'munda wawonetsa kuti 25% yozungulira ntchito ndiyokwanira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba.M'malo mwake, ogwiritsa ntchito ena apempha makina amphamvu kwambiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zochepetsera ntchito yocheperako.
Coil Cross-Sectional Area
Malo ozungulira omwe ali ndi koyiloyo amatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa waya wamkuwa womwe ungathe kuyikidwamo. Malo omwe alipo sayenera kukhala ochulukirapo, ogwirizana ndi kutembenuka kwa ampere ndi kutaya mphamvu.Kupereka malo ochulukirapo a koyiloyo mosakayikira kukulitsa kukula kwa maginito ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale njira yayitali yosinthira muzitsulo (zomwe zingachepetse kutulutsa kwathunthu).
Mtsutso womwewo ukutanthauza kuti danga lililonse la koyilo lomwe limaperekedwa pamapangidwe liyenera kukhala lodzaza ndi waya wamkuwa.Ngati siili yodzaza ndiye kuti maginito geometry akanatha kukhala bwino.
Magnabend Clamping Force:
Grafu yomwe ili pansipa idapezedwa poyesa kuyesa, koma imagwirizana bwino ndi mawerengedwe amalingaliro.
Mphamvu ya clamping imatha kuwerengedwa masamu kuchokera munjira iyi:
F = mphamvu mu Newtons
B = kuchuluka kwa maginito ku Teslas
A = malo a mitengo mu m2
µ0 = maginito permeability mosalekeza, (4π x 10-7)
Mwachitsanzo, tiwerengera mphamvu yochepetsera mphamvu ya 2 Tesla:
Choncho F = ½ (2)2 A/µ0
Kwa mphamvu pa unit area (pressure) tikhoza kusiya "A" mu formula.
Choncho Pressure = 2/µ0 = 2/(4π x 10-7) N/m2.
Izi zimachokera ku 1,590,000 N/m2.
Kutembenuza izi kukhala ma kilogalamu kukakamiza itha kugawidwa ndi g (9.81).
Choncho: Kupanikizika = 162,080 kg / m2 = 16.2 kg / cm2.
Izi zimagwirizana bwino ndi mphamvu yoyezedwa ya zero kusiyana komwe kukuwonetsedwa pa graph pamwambapa.
Chiwerengerochi chikhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta kukhala mphamvu yokhotakhota pamakina operekedwa pochulukitsa ndi malo amtengo wa makinawo.Kwa chitsanzo 1250E malo amtengo ndi 125 (1.4 + 3.0 + 1.5) = 735 cm2.
Choncho chiwerengero, zero-gap, mphamvu idzakhala (735 x 16.2) = 11,900 kg kapena matani 11.9;pafupifupi matani 9.5 pa mita kutalika kwa maginito.
Kachulukidwe ka flux ndi kuthamanga kwa Clamping ndizogwirizana mwachindunji ndipo zikuwonetsedwa pansipa:
Practical Clamping Force:
M'zochita izi mkulu clamping mphamvu nthawi zonse anazindikira pamene si chofunika(!), Ndiko pamene kupinda workpieces woonda zitsulo.Popinda zogwirira ntchito zopanda chitsulo mphamvu imakhala yochepa monga momwe tawonera pamwambapa, ndipo (modabwitsa pang'ono), imakhala yocheperako popinda zitsulo zokhuthala.Izi zili choncho chifukwa mphamvu yokhotakhota imene imafunika pokhotakhota ndi yokwera kwambiri kuposa imene imafunika popindika.Chifukwa chake chomwe chimachitika ndikuti bend ikapitilira kutsogolo kwa clampbar kumakweza pang'ono kulola chogwirira ntchito kupanga radius.
Mpweya waung'ono womwe umapangidwa umapangitsa kuchepa pang'ono kwa mphamvu yotchinga koma mphamvu yofunikira kuti ipangike popindika utali watsika kwambiri kuposa mphamvu yothina ya maginito.Chifukwa chake kukhazikika kumabweretsa ndipo clampbar samalola kupita.
Zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa ndi njira yopindika pamene makina ali pafupi ndi malire ake.Ngati chogwirira ntchito chokulirapo chiyesedwa ndiye kuti clampbar inyamuka.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kuti ngati m'mphepete mwa mphuno ya clampbar idawongoleredwa pang'ono, m'malo mokhala yakuthwa, ndiye kuti mpweya wopindika ungachepe.
Zowonadi ndi izi ndipo Magnabend wopangidwa bwino adzakhala ndi clampbar yokhala ndi m'mphepete.(Mphepete mwa nyanjayi imakhala yosawonongeka mwangozi poyerekeza ndi yakuthwa).
M'mphepete mwa Kulephera Kopindika:
Ngati kupindika kuyesedwa pachinthu chokhuthala kwambiri ndiye kuti makinawo amalephera kupindika chifukwa clampbar imangonyamuka.(Mwamwayi izi sizichitika modabwitsa; clampbar imangosiya mwakachetechete).
Komabe ngati katundu wopindika ndi wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa kupindika kwa maginito ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri zomwe zimachitika ndikuti kupindika kumapitilira kunena pafupifupi madigiri 60 ndiyeno clampbar iyamba kusendera cham'mbuyo.Munjira iyi yolephera maginito amatha kukana katundu wopindika mwanjira ina popanga kukangana pakati pa chogwirira ntchito ndi bedi la maginito.
Kusiyana kwa makulidwe pakati pa kulephera chifukwa cha kunyamuka ndi kulephera chifukwa cha kutsetsereka nthawi zambiri sikumakhala kochuluka.
Kulephera kokweza kumachitika chifukwa chogwirira ntchito kumalowera kutsogolo kwa clampbar m'mwamba.Mphamvu yopondera kutsogolo kwa clampbar ndiyomwe imatsutsa izi.Kuyika kumbuyo kumbuyo sikukhala ndi zotsatira zochepa chifukwa kuli pafupi ndi pomwe clampbar imapindidwa.M'malo mwake ndi theka lokha la mphamvu zonse zolimbanitsa zomwe zimakana kunyamulidwa.
Kumbali ina kutsetsereka kumakanidwa ndi mphamvu yonse ya clamping koma kudzera pa mikangano kotero kukana kwenikweni kumadalira kugundana kwapakati pakati pa workpiece ndi pamwamba pa maginito.
Kwa chitsulo chaukhondo ndi chowuma chiwombankhanga chikhoza kukhala chokwera kufika pa 0.8 koma ngati mafuta alipo ndiye kuti akhoza kukhala otsika ngati 0.2.Nthawi zambiri kudzakhala kwinakwake pakati kotero kuti njira yokhotakhota nthawi zambiri imakhala chifukwa cha kutsetsereka, koma kuyesa kukulitsa kukangana pamwamba pa maginito kwapezeka kuti sikuli koyenera.
Makulidwe Kutha:
Kwa thupi la maginito la E-mtundu wa 98mm m'lifupi ndi 48mm kuya ndi koyilo ya 3,800 ampere-turn, mphamvu yopindika yonse ndi 1.6mm.makulidwe amenewa amagwira ntchito zonse zitsulo pepala ndi aluminiyamu pepala.Padzakhala kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono pa pepala la aluminiyamu koma pamafunika torque yocheperako kuti ipindike kotero izi zimalipira m'njira yopereka mphamvu yofananira yamitundu yonse yazitsulo.
Payenera kukhala chenjezo pa mphamvu yopindika yomwe yanenedwa: Chachikulu ndichakuti mphamvu yotulutsa yachitsulo imatha kusiyanasiyana.Mphamvu ya 1.6mm imagwira ntchito ku zitsulo zokhala ndi kupsinjika kwa zokolola mpaka 250 MPa komanso ku aluminiyamu yokhala ndi kupsinjika kwa zokolola mpaka 140 MPa.
Kuchuluka kwake muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi pafupifupi 1.0mm.Kuchulukaku ndikocheperako poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zina zambiri chifukwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosagwiritsa ntchito maginito komabe chimakhala ndi kupsinjika kwa zokolola zambiri.
Chinthu china ndi kutentha kwa maginito.Ngati maginito aloledwa kutentha ndiye kuti kukana kwa koyiloyo kudzakhala kokwezeka ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti ikokeko pang'ono potsatira kutembenuka kwa ampere ndi kutsika kwamphamvu.(Zotsatirazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zocheperako ndipo sizingachitike kuti makinawo asakwaniritse zomwe akufuna).
Pomaliza, makulidwe a Magnabends atha kupangidwa ngati gawo la maginito limakula.